KUMANS - WHO ARE KIPPETS?

KUMANS - WHO ARE KIPPETS?

 The Kipchaks and Cumans, the two unions of Turkish origin, united.  Along with this period, it was impossible to determine a difference between the various names applied to the same tribe alliance.The Kipchaks, who were among the Western Gokturks, established the Kipchak Khanate in the north of the Black Sea in the 11th century (1098-1239).

 Kipchaks are a society known as Kuman-Kipchak common name in history.

  It emerged when the two important Turkish tribes, the Cumans and Kipchaks, came together and joined forces.

  During a 1000-year history, it migrated from Ötüken to Europe and gained an important place in Turkish History with its Cultures and Civilization.

 The Kipchaks were named by Byzantines and Latins as "Kumanos, Cumanus, Komani", Russians "Polovets Kipchaki" (Ferganskiye), Germans and other Western nations "Falben, Valani, Pallidi", Armenians "Khartes", Hungarians "Kun".

 The common meaning of these names is "yellow, yellowish, pale".  A definite conclusion could not be reached about the etymology of the word which is used as "Kıbcâk, Kıbşâk, Kıfçak" in Islamic sources and "Kifşak, Hifşah" in Georgian sources.  It is emphasized that the Kipchaks are from the same tribe as Turkmen, Pecheneg and Uzlar in Russian annals in which the name is mentioned for the first time.

 From 1061 onwards, the Kipchaks began capturing the Russian steppes.  They besieged Edirne with the Pechenegs who rebelled against Byzantium in 1078.  From this date on, they made raids against Byzantium in 1083-1096 and 1109-1114.  They spread their dominance from the Balkaş lake-Talas region to the mouth of the Danube, especially in the Don-Dniester basins in the 1080s.

 Including the Kuban region in the Caucasus, this land stretched along the Oka-Sura rivers in the north, to the border of the Idil Bulgarians.

  The Kuman-Kipchak area, which covers the entire Eastern Europe-West Siberian steppe regions, has been called "Deşt-i Kıpçak" (Kıpçak Bozkırı) in Islamic sources since then.

 In this period when Russian, Bulgarian, Alan, Burtas, Khazar and Vlachs lived under the Kipchak subjugation, the Kipchak country was divided into five regions called Central Asia, Itil-Churn, Don-Donets, Lower Dnieper and Danube.

 The Kipchaks lived in these regions under the rule of their own chiefs.

 The Kipchaks, who entered Hungary in 1091 and Poland in 1092, appeared in Byzantine lands in 1093.  The Russians had a great success against the Kipchaks in 1103, and the Kipchaks responded with violent raids at short intervals between 1105 and 1111.  While some of the Danube Kipchaks went to Hungary, the Dnieper Kipchaks attacked the Pereyaslavl Knezha (1177-1179).

 The Kipchaks, who flocked to the vicinity of Kiev, along the Aksu river, were defeated by the army formed by all the southern Russian principalities under the Kiev Knezi Svyatoslav (1184).  Novgorod-Seversk Knezi Igor Svyatoslaviç, who did not participate in this expedition, went on a campaign against the Kipchaks in 1185, but was surrounded and destroyed by the Kayali river in the Lower Don area.  This expedition of Igor Svyatoslaviç is described in "The Legend of the Igor Division", which is regarded as the masterpiece of Russian literature.

 Famous for the beauty of the Kipchak chief Atrak, his daughter's Georgian King Bagratli II.  After his marriage to David, close relations were established between the Kipchaks of Don-Kuban clan and Georgians.  In 1118, the Georgian king Coruh formed a perfect equestrian army of 40,000 people from the Cuman Kipchaks who settled around Kür.  The Georgians resisted the attacks of the Anatolian Seljuks thanks to these mounted Kipchak forces.  They organized successful expeditions to Şirvan, Iran and Irmîniye.

 Kipchak chief of Atrak returned home from Georgia in 1125.  However, most of the Kipchaks who went to Georgia with him did not return and stayed there and were placed in various places.  The Kipchaks around Lake Çıldır in Eastern Anatolia are their descendants.  Those who remained in the Crimean peninsula, from the Kipchaks, who completely emptied the Don tribes because they went to Georgia and partially emptied the Kuban region, settled in the cities in the region, and established some small towns.

 In the period of Queen Tamar, whose mother was Kipchak in 1185, under the leadership of Basbug Sevinc Han, 40,000 Kipchak families migrated to Georgia from Deşt-I Kipchak.  These new Kipchaks were inhabited by Queen Tamarta to the borders of the Trabzon Empire and in a way the western border was guaranteed.  Although the pagan warriors of Kipchaks often disturbed the Trabzon Greek State, they had close relations with the Georgian Principalities in the Erzurum and Gümüşhane Regions.  Trabzon Kipchak Turkey Turkish Republic was established after the Lausanne peace agreement should because they are Christian Greece of exchange posted by migration, some of them are making these days in Greece, Turkish as their form of worship they forget their Turkish.  This led to the loss of their culture over time by living as Christians in the Turkish tribe.

 When the Anatolian Seljuks captured the city of Sudak in Crimea, which was the biggest trade center of the Black Sea, in 1221, Kipchak and Russian forces acted together to recapture the city, but they could not be successful in the face of the Seljuk defense.

 Although the Kipchaks made military cooperation with the Russians again in the face of the Mongol invasion from the east, they could not avoid being defeated by the two Mongol military divisions under the command of Cebe-Noyan and Sübütay in the Kalka War that took place in 1223.

 In 1238, the north of Russia was completely captured by Batu Khan, Genghis's grandson.  The Kipchaks could not hold on to the Mongol army.  Kipchak forces under the command of Başbuğ Köten were destroyed in the Don and Donets basin, those who could escape took refuge in Hungary (1239).  During the Mongol invasion, most of the Kipchaks went to the forest area in the territory of the Idil Bulgarians.

 This event played a major role in the complete Kipchakization of the old Bulgarian country of Idil.  After the Mongol invasion of the Kipchak country and the establishment of the Golden Horde State in the region (1241), the Kipchaks had no role or power.  Some Kipchaks held important positions in the Mongol Empire.

 Kipchakogullari sovereignty in Iraq, which gained an independent identity when it was initially affiliated with the Seljuks, was sometimes independent, sometimes affiliated with the Mosul Atabegate or the Ayyubids.  (XIII.) Lasted until the end of the century.

  The method of using the troops of Turks in the palace guard troops, which was applied in the Arab-Islamic states, was also applied in the Ayyubids, the Kipchak and Oghuz youth were trained for this purpose, and the military power was gathered in the hands of their troops.  I

 The Mamluk State, which was established when zzeddin Aybeg put an end to the Ayyubid sultan in 1250 and declared himself a sultan in its place, passed into the hands of the Cuman-Kipchak element after a short while.  The sultans of this state are also of Kipchak origin.

 As was the case with other nomadic Turks, some of the Kipchaks, who were shamanists at the beginning, adopted Christianity in time and became attached to the Orthodox church, and some of them became Muslims as seen in the country of Crimea, Caucasus and Idil Bulgarians.

 The number of Kipchaks living in the Fergana Valley in Uzbekistan was 33,502 according to the 1926 census (today's statistics do not give numbers on this issue).  One large tribe between Uzbek and Kyrgyz, and smaller groups among Bashkirt and Nogays are today called Kipchaks.

 There were many Turkish tribes, especially the Kang and the Kimeks, in the unity of tribes formed under the leadership of the Kipchaks.  However, these tribes could not emerge as a political union, as they spread widely.  After the migration of the Kipchaks, the only work that survived from these first places called "Deşt-i Kıpçak" is the Codex Cumanicus collection.  XII.  The Kipchaks, whose spread and dispersal accelerated with the increase of the Mongol raids towards the middle of the century, melted into various Balkan and Caucasian peoples, most of them in Hungary, and retreated from the stage of history.