ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS I - LINES (2500-2200 BC)

ANATOLIAN CIVILIZATIONS I - LINES (2500-2200 BC)

 The oldest known name of the Anatolian peninsula is "Hatti Country".  This name was first used in writing in the Mesopotamian kingdoms of Akkads and Assyrians until 600 BC.  In other words, Anatolia was called the Land of Hatti for 1500 years.

 Even the Hindo-European tribe, who occupied the Hatti country in 2200 BC, continued to be referred to as Hatti by the philologists who first read the Hattusa (Boğazköy) tablets.  However, they called themselves "Generations" and the language they spoke was Nesice.

 The philologists could not name the descendants of the Hatties as Generation, but based on the words "Heth" and "Hittim" defined there, looking at the Old Testament, in German "Hethiter", English "The Hittites", French "Les Hittites" and Italian "Gli Ittiti.  "It was deemed appropriate to use.  Although "Eti" was used in Turkish for a while, now "Hittite" is settled.  The Hittites that came and settled later cannot be called Proto-Hatti because they are a very different tribe from the Hatties.

 Hatti is a protohistoric civilization.  In other words, it can be defined with the concept of pre-date, not belonging to the known written history.  Calligraphers did not use writing.  We learn all the information about the language, religion, customs and traditions they apply in social life through the Hittites that came later.

 We don't know much about the Hatti language.  According to what is learned from the tablets left over from the Hittites, there were also prayers in Hattic among the rituals that the Hittite priests performed in their own language during religious rites.  In the translations made, the statement "the priest is now speaking in Hattili" was found.  Hattus used a language that was formed in a completely different way to the language structure used by the Indo-European tribes.  Especially Prefix was a used language.  For example, Alum means God.  Wa means plural suffixes.  Shapu = God, Wasapu = means Gods.  In other words, if we apply it to Turkish, the God singular is the plural of the Laritan.

 The Gods of the Hittites are also taken from the Hatti Gods.  The Hittites were seriously affected by the Hatties in terms of language.  Many kings of the Hittites took their names from the Hattice mountain names.  Tuthaliya, Arnuvanda, and Ammuna are originally mountain names of Hatti origin, but they are also Hittir kings.  Hattus is the name of the capital city of the Hattus and it is Hattic.  The Hittites tried to translate it into their own language by adding a or ash to the end.  The suffix "ili" added to the end indicated that it belonged there.  So when Hattusili was mentioned, it meant Hattusha.  The Hittites used the suffixes "il, ul, al" in Hattic as "ili, ula, ala" in their own language.

 The Hatti also influenced the Hittites with their God.  The major Gods in the Hitti Pantheon were taken from the Hatties.  The Hittites' Sun Goddess, her husband the Storm God, and the children and grandchildren of these gods all continued their duties as the Hittite God.

 The presence of animals such as bulls and deer, which are also found in the sun discs, showed the existence of theriomorph (animal shaped) gods.  The bull was the symbol of their greatest god, the god Sky.  There is a possibility that these are from the Hittites.  Because the Gods of the Hatti were not animal-shaped but human-shaped gods.  So the Hatti gods were anthropomorphs (anthropomorphic).  Each of the Hatti gods had names and was depicted as male and female.  The animal-shaped gods resembled the Hittite gods with an interesting resemblance to the shapes of the Maikop Civilization gods from the South Russian civilizations, possibly where the Hittites came from.

 According to Hatti belief, the Earth was standing on the horns of an ox.  During the rituals, as the priests moved the Bull standing on a stick left and right, the ceramics on the bull figurine sounded and formed the music of the ritual.

 His myths named God of the Moon Falling from the Sky were written in both Hittite and Hatti language.  Actually the story came from the Hatti, but the Hittites did not hesitate to use it.  The myth briefly described the lunar eclipse and the subsequent downpour;

 “Kasku moon God fell from heaven.

 Now he fell on Kilammar (temple).

 However, nobody saw him.

 Now God (God of Sky) poured rain behind him.

 And he sent rain showers after him.

 Fear took him.

 Fear took him.

 Hapantalli went downstairs beside him,

 He spoke to him then

 Are you coming

 What are you doing?  “

 Since the Hatti did not have writings, they did not need literacy in their internal communications.  They only used Assyrian officials in communications and trade situations with other kingdoms and used Assyrian writing.

 Hatti did not come from anywhere.  They were the community that always lived in Anatolia.  Maybe they may be a community of many different cultures that came with eyes many years ago, but as a tribe, they did not come to Anatolia from outside like the Hittites, but they have always been there.

 In time, the Hatti grouped together and formed small principalities.  The Hittites established their own kingdom by seizing these principalities of the Hatti one by one in 2200 BC.  However, even though the administration was in the hands of the Hittite kings, the majority of the people were Hatti.  Perhaps that is why the Hatti influence continued to persist in religious rituals or languages.

 Hatti graves were not found during the excavations in Alacahöyük.  Approximately 13 tombs belonging to kings are thought to belong to the Hittites.  As we mentioned before, the tombs are similar to the Maikop Civilization in Southern Russia.  The dead were buried in tombs with pits dug into the soil 50-70 cm deep, 3-8 meters long and 2-5 meters wide.  The dead were buried in the hocker stance (squatting, a kind of squatting), on the right side and as if facing south.  They were buried with their dead clothes, gifts and personal belongings.  This means that the Hatti also believed that there was life after death.  For this reason, they also took with them the things they liked and valued.  The tomb was then surrounded by stones, and they first covered the grave with trees or firewood and then poured soil over them.  In this way, they ate the sacrifice they slaughtered at the beginning of the grave after the work of the tomb was finished and left the bones left over from it on the grave.  In this way, the burial was the same as the other Hindo + European civilizations, Maikop, Mycenaean, and Phrygis, aside from the posture of the deceased.

 A situation understood from the explanations above is as follows;  The Hittites came to Anatolia from the Caucasus.  However, when the Hittites came to Anatolia, although they were superior to the Hatties as a military power, the Hatti were superior to the Hittites in terms of civilization.  Therefore, the Hittites took many different practices in the Hatti Country they conquered into their own structures and were respectful to the Hatti.  The biggest difference of the Hittites from the Hatties was that they had structures and administrators that could form a state.

 Many valuable ancient artifacts belonging to the Hatties and of course the Hittites from Anatolian civilizations have been smuggled abroad in time by the enthusiasts who once studied and researched the region.  According to the researches on this subject, Koutoulakis, a Greek living in France who had a share in the exportation of the works between 1955 and 1957, but a German GE Von Aulock who previously collected coins in Anatolia with the permission of the official authorities, kept his house in Bebek and went abroad.  was able to remove.  These artifacts, called the Horoztepe Hoard, now consist of 41 pieces and are exhibited in The Metropolitan Museum of Art.

 Source: Anatolian Cultural History, Ekrem Akurgal p.15-34

ASUR - BABIL MYTHOLOGY

ASUR - BABIL MYTHOLOGY

 Semitic tribes, M.E.  They migrated from the south of Arabia to Mesopotamia between the years 3000-2000.  M.E.  It is seen that the influence of the Sami began to strengthen in the time of Sargon in 2732.  M.E.  In 1955, III.  This effect increased with the disappearance of the Ur dynasty, M.E.  This effect continued until 1000 BC when the Assyrians became the sole rulers of the region.

 The Babylonians were intellectuals and artists, while the Assyrians were warriors and harsh.  Despite this, the Assyrians dominated the Babylonian politics, but they had to accept their intellectual hegemony.  The ever-developing Assyrian State introduced this culture from Iran to the Mediterranean and from Palestine to Anatolia.

 M.E.  Since 3000 BC, the kings of Mesopotamia have established libraries and kept the tablets about the ceremonies in the temples in special archives.  The most important of these is the library of Assyrian King Ashurbanipal.  M.E.  Archaeologists 558-626 Rassam and George Smith found 2,000 tablets dealing with legends, prayers, magic methods, and astronomical rules.

 Also;  The reliefs, sculptures and depictions on coins enabled us to obtain more detailed information about the Assyrian-Babylonian beliefs, a form of the Sumerian religion enriched with Semitic elements.  Sumerian language in the scriptures, as the religious language M.E.  It continued to live until the Parthian age in the first century.

 In the time of the Sumerians, although Anu, Bel, Ea were the leading gods, the Babylonians highlighted their god, Marduk, and reworked the creation and flood myths as we know them today.  There were some 5,000 gods in the Assyrian-Babylonian Parteon.  The Assyrians did not put pressure on religion in the places they conquered and accepted the gods there.  However, the traditional Babylonian priests did not include Assyria, the official god of the victorious Assyria, in their official pantheon.

 In the Assyrian-Babylonian religion, two gods are seen as the Star-Earth (Fertility) god.  Although the origin of the god of fertility (Earth) is Sumerian, the star gods developed under the influence of the Semitic.  It developed under the extension of god.  It is understood that these two races have been together for many years, since this god has taken together for a long time.

 GREAT GODS

 Marduk

 Marduk, the son of Ea, represents the fertility brought by the waters.  This god acquired the kingdom of gods in the flood legend.  After his victory, the gods gave him fifty ranks.  Marduk has become a complete god, as each represents a distinct quality.

 The great gods had tablets of destiny.  When Storm-Bird Zu stole them one day, Anu promised great god-power to those who would bring them back.  Only Marduk was able to take back the tablets.

 Another time;  Marduk gave Sin-its former shine, whose light was turned off.

 Fighting evil, Marduk is represented when killing a dragon with a sword.  He is shown in this figure with his wife Sarpanit in the famous Babylonian temple Esapil.

 It is very interesting in the ceremonies held for Marduk.  On the same date each year, the statue of God was taken out of Esapil with a large crowd, taken to Akita in the countryside and entrusted to the congregation.  This ceremony, which lasted for ten days, with the return of the god returning from the shores of the sacred Euphrates to Esapil, represented the death, resurrection and marriage of the god.  Similar celebrations were held in Anu, Ishtar, and Nannar.

 Assyrian

 When the might of Babylon wiped out in front of Nineveh, Ashur, the chief god of the Assyrians, mingled with the ancient Sumerian and Babylonian gods, becoming the most powerful chief god.  Although his name meant benevolent, he was also known as a war god who led the army to victory.

 Ashur, which replaced Marduk and Ninurta, was sometimes represented as a winged disc, sometimes standing on a bull or flying in the air.  Since he is also the god of fertility, he is surrounded by branches and shown with a goat beside him.  His wife is the great goddess Ishtar.

 Star Gods

 Sin

 He is the moon god.  The sun god of War and the star of Merih Ishtar were his children.  Because the light was considered to come out of the night.  Sin was named Nannar in the city of Ur and was represented as an elder with a long lapis lazuli beard.  Every evening he would ride his boat and appear to people in the shape of the moon.  When it looked perfectly round it was called the crown of the god.

 Since Sin gives light in the dark, it would prevent those who want to do evil.  The evil spirits had prepared a rebellion against him because of this.  Because he was also a divider of time and was intelligent, other gods would take advice from him at the end of each month.  His wife's name is Ningal, besides Shamash and Ishtar, Nusku, the god of fire, was his other son.

 Shamash

 He is the sun god.  M.E.  II.  In one thousand, the Babylonian king Hammurabi had his famous laws dictated.  These laws consist of 282 articles.

 This god, who is confused with Marduk in these legends, lives in the eastern mountains, the scorpion men guarding the place open heavy doors every morning and take Shamash out.  Passing through the sky, the sun would bring his car closer to the western mountain, enter through a door there, and disappear into the depths of the earth.

 Courage and strength were the attributes of this god who missed winter and night.  His rule of enlightenment made him the god of justice in particular.  His temple in Babylon was called the Home of the World Judge.  At the same time, since he was the god of prophecy, he would inform the future through Baru: The Oracle.  He had a wife named Aya and children named Kettu: Justice, Mesaru: Hak, who was an abstract god.

 In the depictions, Shamash is depicted as a man sitting on his throne, with sun rays shining from his shoulders.  There were four pairs of horns on his crown, and with his right hand he held the scepter and ring, which are signs of domination and justice.  Shamash was worshiped especially in the city of Sippur.

 Ishtar

 She is the goddess of morning and evening.  It is the representation of the star of Merih.  Although the Assyrian Babylonians considered them to be goddesses, the Arabs considered God Attar.

 Known as the goddess of War and Love.  Ishtar was represented with a bow in his hand in a chariot pulled by 7 lions.  Since his habit is tough and authoritarian, he cannot tolerate his wishes.  Since holy prostitution belonged to Ishtar's cult, when he landed, holy prostitutes surrounded him.  She was the harlot of the gods, and it was the first time she felt the desires she awoke.  He has a lot of love.  He chose lovers from all kinds of creatures for him and would bring disaster to all of them.  The animals he loved were weakened and fell into the captivity of humans, while men turned to wild animals with jealousy and passion.  Ishtar's love would bring bad luck even to the gods.  The god of Agriculture, whom he loved in his youth, caused the death of July and cried a lot.  He went down to hell to bring him back, had the doors opened, and passed the seven chapters, leaving one cover at a time.  Although he finally arrived near Ereshkigal and attacked him, he called his deputy Namtaru, had Ishtar locked in the palace and attacked 60 diseases on top of it.  The disappearance of Ishtar caused great sorrow in the world, none of them reproduced as the living became sterile.  Upon Shamash and Sin’s complaint, Ea created Ashusunamiri to save Ishtar.  Ereshkigal could not bear the magic of this strange creature.  Ishtar came out of hell with Namtaru, taking his clothes, playing the flute in July, dressed in festive clothes, to facilitate the return.

 Thanks to Ishtar, who was not always a traitor, many kings ascended the throne.  He protected the Akkadian king Sargon and Ashurbanipal.  Being the ruler of the world with the power of love, Ishtar was the most favorite goddess of Assyria and Babylon.  Later, it was revered in Phenicia as Astarte and in Greece as Aphrodite.

 Nin - Urta

 He was the son of Enlil.  He became a god of war after being the god of fertility.  It was a mace with two serpents on his weapon.  Original is Sumerian and it is said that the storm - Bird Zu defeated him.  He was also suspected of killing July, taking the shape of a wild boar.  His warlike character made his whole nature hostile to him.  Some stones even turned against him.  After winning the fight, some stones became sought after by people.  Others, such as lapis lazuli, amethyst, were trampled under the feet.

 Gods of Nature

 Adad

 He is a storm god.  Standing on a bull is shown with lightning in his hand.  When he ordered the deluge, he did it.  It is loved because it also provides good wind and fertile rain.  He would represent prophecy with Shamash.

 Nusku

 Its symbol is a shoe shaped lamp.  It would represent the messenger of the gods and the sacred fire.

 Gibil

 He is the god of fire.  He is the son of Amu.

 Nina

 She is the goddess of water.  Its symbol is a floating vase with a fish inside.

 Isarra

 Her genus is the goddess of relationships.  She is represented by a scorpion she.

 July

 He is the god of earth.

Turkish Mythology - Formation, Creation and Gods.

Turkish Mythology - Formation, Creation and Gods

 Turkish Mythology

 As is known, the source of all mythologies in the world are epics.  Some are legends compiled from the public, while others are legends written down.  Turkish mythology also takes its source from epics as in other myths.

 However, it is observed that identifying the content of Turkish epics with real people in history causes a general misconception that Turkish epics are not Myths.

 In order to give an explanation to this subject, the studies on what mythology is and what is not should be looked at.  According to the results of these studies;  Legends belonging to people we know lived in history are called epics.

 Giving human qualities to natural beings, which are not mentioned in history, where great heroes take place, is called mythology.  According to this explanation, other Turkish epics such as the Creation Epic of the Altai-Yakut Turks, the Oghuz Epic of the Huns, the Gokturks, the Ergenekon and the Bozkurt Epic are generally Turkish mythology.

 Turkish mythology consists of different legends that are not developed around a single myth like Greek Mythology, which is well known in the world.  But in their origin they are all similar legends.  I want to tell you the most known of these myths today.

 Turkish Mythology - Creation

 Although there are many different Creation Myths, the most well-known and largest of these are the legends of the Altai Turks.  Since the Altai Turks remained under the Mongol rule for a long time, it can be thought that there were Mongolian influences in the Altai Creation Myth;  However, although traces of the Mongolian religion are not seen, more Iranian culture influence is observed.

 The reason for this is that there were Iranian influence and cultural relations with Iran among the Turks before the Göktürk era.  In addition, the element affecting the Altaic Creation Epic in the second degree is the Manichaeism religion.  But the most important effect on these is that it is fused with the old Central Asian customs and beliefs.

 There are many different accounts of the Altai Creation legend in Turkish mythology.  According to this legend, there are only two entities in the creation of the entire universe.  These are god Ulgen and Erlik.  In the epic, it is stated that the god Ulgen, the symbol of goodness, and Erlik, the symbol of evil, were flying while the universe was still nothing.

 According to a different interpretation of the Altai Creation Epic, it has been seen that Ulgen is not the great God himself.  It is known that he was the creator of the whole universe where Kayra Khan was before God Ulgen.  It is stated that Kayra Khan is located on the seventeenth floor of the sky.  Based on this information, Ülgen is mentioned as one of the three great gods in the sky.  A female spirit, Ak Mother, gave Ülgen the power to create.

 Ülgen and Erlik

 Returning to a different narrative again, Ülgen, a god of goodness;  lives above the moon, sun and stars.  It is stated that he lived in the sixteenth floor of the sky.  Ülgen, who has a golden gated palace and a golden throne, is generally depicted as a human.  It is seen that Ülgen has many attributes.

 In the prayers, expressions such as White Bright, Bright Hakan, noisy, burning, lightning were told.  The phrase Şimşekçi may remind us of Zeus from Greek Mythology.  God Ülgen plays a leading role in the creation of man and the world.  He created the sky, the sun and the moon.  He rules the stars by regulating the atmospheric events.  Ülgen has seven sons and nine daughters.

 Again, according to a different narration of the same legend, Erlik, who was with Ülgen even before the existence of the universe, was created by Ülgen in some others.  But in all the epics in Turkish mythology, Erlik is the devil himself.  Sometimes he sits in hell, sometimes on the fifth or ninth floor of the sky.

 It is the permanent symbol of all kinds of evil.  God is in constant opposition with Ülgen.  He is depicted in iron, with a sword and shield, usually as a human on a bull.  Erlik has 9 sons and 9 daughters.  After the Turks accepted Islam, Erlik was mostly united with beings such as Satan and Jin.

 While the creation of the universe and the first gods developed in this way in the Altai Creation epic, the myths of other gods and goddesses were mixed with different legends and developed scattered.

 Turkish Mythology Gods

 Generally known Turkish mythology God, Goddesses and holy spirits;  The Yenisey Inscriptions are derived from different narratives of the Göktürk myths, the Yakut Turks myths and the Altai Creation myths.  Some of these God-Goddesses and holy spirits are known as;

 WITH WATER

 Altai is the name of a spirit that protects people, according to the epic of Creation.  It was created from parts of water, moon and sun.  It protects people and lives among them.

 It has eyes that see as well as an eagle.  He is one of the spirits that serve Ülgen.  His job is to inform about what can happen in people's lives.  The spirit named Karlik is considered the closest friend of Sıla.

 KARLIK

 It is a spirit that appears with water and does the same thing as it.  It occurs with smoke.

 UTKUCI (UTKUUÇI)

 God is a holy spirit who takes the sacrifice presented to Ulgen, welcomes the Shaman in the sky and conveys his wishes to Ulgen.  It accompanies the shaman on his way.  The name means friendly welcoming.

 YO BLOOD

 It is one of the most powerful gods living on earth.  He lives in the center of the world where there is a pine that is thought to have reached Ülgen's house.  It is the protector of animals and nature.  This god, who is believed to be sitting on large beech trees and wandering in green areas in the form of a hurricane, has been said to cry very sadly at the damage to nature.

 TALAY KAN (YAYIK HAN)

 Talay Kan is the ruler of the seas, the protector of the dead and the god of all the waters on earth.  His house is where seventeen seas meet.  It corresponds to Poseidon in Greek mythology.

 AYIZIT

 Yakut is a mythological creature believed to protect children, give life to the child and come to the aid of the newborn woman.  He goes to the milk lake in the sky and brings a drop of water and milk from that lake and pours it into the child's throat.  This drop is the soul and soul of the child.

 Thus, thanks to the power of this goddess, the child begins his life.  According to the belief, when the pregnant woman is on the eve of childbirth, she comes down from the sky and stands next to the pregnant woman to relieve her labor pains.  He is depicted with a swan bird and a white crane, the color of holiness.

 UMAY

 Information about the Goddess Umay mostly comes from the Göktürk Inscriptions.  There are various epics about Umay in Turkish mythology.  It is similar to Ayızıt in the Mythology of Yakut Turks.  She is depicted in many places as a goddess who protects women, children and nature and ensures fertile lands.

 It was believed that puerperant women, also known as "al board" in Anatolian Turks, were protected by Umay from Al Wife who was believed to kidnap their children.

 Although it is also referred to as Mother Nature, it is mostly expressed as Humay in Azeri Turks.  In some sources, he is involved in the creation of the world with Ülgen.  The Huma bird has taken its place in many motifs with it.

 Elements of Turkish Mythology are not as precise and regular as the myths in other mythologies.  It consists of scattered and shamanist elements.  This is why we cannot give clear and detailed information about the subject as in Greek mythology.

 References;

  • Prof.  Dr.  Bahaeddin Ögel - Turkish Mythology Vol 1-2

  • Yaşar Çoruhlu - Outline of Turkish Mythology

  • Celal Beydili - Turkish Mythology Encyclopedic Dictionary

Astronomy in ancient civilizations.

Astronomy in ancient civilizations

 Babylonians:

 Today, Babylonians, who established one of the first civilizations in the lands where Iraq is located between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, were engaged in agriculture as well as trade between the Far East, Europe and Egypt, and in this way, they carried out cultural exchange between the societies they trade.

 According to the records, BC.  They made the position observations of many stars in 2000 and recorded them (Picture 1).  They divided the sky into regions for systematic observations and gave each region the names of animals or objects formed by stars.  They make up more than half of the constellations we use today.  See the list of constellations at the end of the book and their location on the celestial chart.

 Babylonians have observed Mercury and Venus planets a lot.  Since their angle of extension with the sun was small, they increasingly concluded that they were moving around the Sun. Moreover, Babylonians showed the planet Venus with the double crescent symbol in their records. According to this, Babylonians probably knew that Venus showed phases.  The phases of Venus cannot be observed without tools today.

 According to the records of Venus showing phases, it was first by Galileo M.S.  It was observed with a telescope in 1610.  In one possibility, Babylonians observed that Venus showed phases with lens-like devices some 3000 years before Galileo, they understood that this was related to the reflection of sunlight and Venus made an orbital motion around the Sun.

 Most of the observation records pertaining to Babylon are for astrological purposes.  In addition to a large number of stars, the Moon, Sun, Mercury and Venus planets, positional observations of the movements of the then known planets Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were also made.  With these observations, the retrograde movements and conjunction periods of the planets in the sky from time to time were found.

 B.C.  Astronomy reached its highest level in Babylon in the 5th and 6th centuries.  They determined that the lunar and solar eclipses, which they observed systematically for a long time, were periodic and that this period, known as the Saros period, was 18 years and 10 days.

 Babylonian star calendar:

 The most important contribution of Babylonians to observational astronomy is M.O.  The Kidinnu charts regarding the positions of the Moon, which were completed and recorded in 380.  These charts are very important as they enable the calculation of the first appearance time of the Moon after the new-Moon phase.  These charts, which take into account the irregularities in the visible movement of the moon with great accuracy, have been written in BC.  The fact that it was built in 380 shows how advanced astronomy was in Babylonians.  (Picture 2)

 The advanced astronomical knowledge of Babylonians based on observations formed the basis of ancient Greek astronomy.  Although Babylonians adversely affected humanity by causing the birth and development of astrology, they formed the basis of science in this field with their contributions to modern astronomy.

THE NAME OF THE LYRIC REVOLUTION: EGELİ POET SAPPHO AND HIS WORLD.

THE NAME OF THE LYRIC REVOLUTION: EGELİ POET SAPPHO AND HIS WORLD.

 What is known about the life of the great poet Sappho (Σαπφώ), the great poet of lyricism, who was born in Lesbos Island (today's name Lesbos), an important island of the Aiol cultural region in the late 7th century BC, is very limited.  Sappho's poems, collected by the Alexandrians in nine books, have survived thanks to fragments and quotes on papyrus.  The only poem that survives today as a whole is by Dionysios of Halicarnassus.  It is a seven-continent poem named "Poetry to Aphrodite" quoted in the 1st century.

 The Archaic Period is a period when Athens is not yet politically and culturally up-to-date.  Names such as Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Aiskhylos and Euripides, who are among the first philosophers and writers to come to mind when talking about Greek culture, were not born in Sappho's period.  There is a clan society in Athens that still preserves tribal traditions.  The "Laws of Dracon" (624 BC), written by Drakon (Δράκων), accepted as the first legislator and one of the six Arhon, have just come into effect.  Before this date, there were no written laws in Athens.  The nobles acted arbitrarily while interpreting old customs and traditions according to their own interests.  For this reason, Drakon is tasked with creating systematic rules and laws to maintain social order.  In this context, it has taken measures to end blood feuds and created a penal code that includes very harsh and severe penalties.  It still maintains its reputation through the adjective "Draconian / Draconien" used in Western languages ​​to describe an overly strict rule or precaution.

 The recognition of Sappho and his works in Athens started with Peisistratos, when Athens was the cultural center of the Greek world.  In Attica iconography, scenes in which Sappho is depicted alone with his lyre in his hand begin to appear in vases of the 5th century BC.  On the other hand, we see that in Ionia, unlike the Greek mainland, trade and production are quite developed and an "Isonomia", ie egalitarian order prevails.

 Sappho, the symbol of the transition from epic poetry to lyric poetry in ancient Greek literature, is one of the greatest poets not only of Lesbos, but of the whole Greek world.  He is, above all, a poet of love and nature.  Sappho's name is written as 'Psappho' (Ψάπφω) in Aeolian dialect.  This word is etymologically thought to be of Asian origin.  B.C.  Born in an aristocratic family around 612, Sappho's mother is Kleis and his father is Skamandronymos.  Some have claimed that his father took this name from Skamandros (Karamenderes Stream) in Troas and that his ancestors participated in the Trojan War.  It is reported by Strabon that Sappho has three brothers and his brother named Kharaksos mentioned in his poems also exported famous Lesbos wines by sea to Naukratis in Egypt.  By establishing a school on the island, Sappho taught music and poetry to well-educated noble family daughters, just as the Greek philosopher Socrates raised young men.  It is thought that the female poet named Erinna, who lived in Lesbos at the end of the 4th century BC and died at the age of 19, is also thought to be one of Sappho's students.

 

 Sappho is known for his wedding table and ceremony, his poems sung in front of the wedding room, and the lines he wrote in the genres of Epithalamium, Hymnos and Mersiye.  His poems in the style of "Epithalamium" are extremely valuable in terms of providing information on the marriage institution of the period, the distribution of men and women in marriage, marriage rituals and the life of girls before marriage.

 The most important reason why Sappho, who was named by Plato as one of the wisest women after centuries and named "The Tenth Moses", has been an influential figure for centuries, is undoubtedly the most important reason why love poems are written for women and that love, desire and beauty can be sustained in his poems.  It has worked with a successful style.  Sappho showed an attitude away from politics in his poems and was not very interested in the political issues of his period.  Information on Sappho's private life is far from certain.  It is thought that he married a rich man named Kerkylas from Andros Island and had a daughter named Kleis.  Kleis's name is also mentioned in his own poems.  It is thought that he spent most of his life in Lesbos, where he established a school for unmarried young women.

 Sappho died in Lesbos, his birthplace.  There is also a myth about his death that appears in Greek comedy writers.  According to this legend, Sappho committed suicide by jumping from the rocks of Leukadia off the coast of Epeiros because of his love for a boatman named Phaon.  Sappho became one of his poets known as "Theios" after his death, and received praise from great masters such as Plato, Horatius and Dionysios of Halicarnassus.

 Although the poet from Lesbos died, his name continued to live.  The fresco whose image I shared shows how much a beloved poet he was in Rome.  Also, according to a common practice, cities in the Roman provinces M.S.  In the 2nd and 3rd centuries, they depicted local heroes and citizens who played an important role in the history of that city on their coins.  On the coins of Mytilene, Sappho was also depicted with Pittakos, Alkaios and his lyre.  B.C.  In the 3rd century, while the Alexandrian scholars created a canon where they identified nine great lyrical poetry poets, only one female poet was included in the famous canon with famous names such as Alkman, Alkaios, Pindaros;

 He is also Sappho.

THE KURANDA LIQUID SPACE MIRACLE AND THE PART OF DARKNESS! ...

THE KURANDA LIQUID SPACE MIRACLE AND THE PART OF DARKNESS! ...

 Atheists have a famous classic saying.  If so many scientific facts were mentioned in the Qur'an, why didn't you say them first?  Of course, they know the answer to this question themselves.  Because, for the moment, telling the facts that seem contrary to scientific findings before the discovery of science will attract classical atheist discourses such as "outdated" "unscientific".  Atheists want to excommunicate you with the sword of their Dogma of Incomplete Science in such statements.  But when science proves the truth of what the Qur'an says, you can say it more comfortably in your chest just because the Quran said it.  They say why you didn't say it before, well, the Quran does not say anything new, and those expressions were always there in the Qur'an.  But its reality was not yet understood.

 I saw an example of this again today and witnessed once again the greatness of the Qur'an, as it has repeatedly.  I used to think that the Koran says why the sun and the moon are swimming and I could not find any meaning.  Let's look at the verse:

 Yasin 40: “Neither the sun can reach the moon, nor can it pass day or night.  Each one floats in a cycle. "

 The word "yesbehune" in the verse means swimming.

 But some translation writers will not be able to make sense of the word swimming, as I did, that it did not translate as swimming, wandering etc.  They translated as.  We will soon see that such translations hide the miracles of the Qur'an.

 Then, the same act of swimming is mentioned in Naziat 3.

 79-SURA OF NAZI'AT:

 1 - To those who pull out with violence,

 2 - For those who are drawn softly,

 3 - Those who swim and swim,

 4 - To those who competed ...

 It is not yet understood what these verses are referring to.  As science progresses, we will probably understand better.  But they are generally associated with space by Qur'anic researchers.  So what does swimming mean in the verse?  The same verb was used as swimming the sun and the moon.  Let's see what this truth is.

 Prof.  Stefano Liberati and Maccione explained in 2014 that the texture of spacetime is fluid, and in fact all space is in some kind of liquid, that is, planets and stars, in short, everything floats in a kind of liquid that we cannot see.  Just as we cannot see the H2O molecules of the water, we cannot see the molecules of this liquid, but the substances behave as if they are floating in the liquid. He adds, "Space is a superfluid according to our calculations."  This super liquid is explained as follows: The viscosity (fluidity) of this liquid is so low that it is almost zero.  The reason we cannot feel this liquid is that it is nearly zero thin.  Because space is in liquid, photons can travel in a wave form.  When you throw a stone into a water, waves are formed because of the fluidity of the liquid.  Likewise, the reason why matter can behave like waves in our universe is the very thin liquid it is in.  This liquid substance is interpreted as ether material.  It has always been a mystery that quantum physics cannot explain the force of gravity.  Prof.  Stefano Liberati says this is because it is ignored that our universe is floating in a liquid.

 All photons float in this space fluid.  It is explained that the reason photons, that is, light can be transported up to billions of light years and behave like a wave, is this liquid.  Yes, the particles of light are floating in this sea of ​​space, just like the Sun and the Moon.  According to the verse, it swims during the day, that is, the photons that come to us during the day also move by swimming.  Yes, this is exactly as scientists report, so if there are particles of the day, they must have particles in the dark of the night.  Because the verse says that the night floats like the day.  If we know that photons, particles of the day, float in the fabric of space-time, the night, that is, the darkness, must also have its own photons.  We have always learned darkness as the absence of light, but obviously it is not, according to the verse, the specific particles of the darkness should float in this sea of ​​space and the photons of the darkness should darken the matter as the photons of the light illuminate the matter.  No particle or photon has yet been found to create darkness, but scientists are looking for a particle very close to this event.  Namely:

 Scientists calculated that there should be dark matter in the universe, and that dark matter should be more than the matter we know.  They predicted that if there is dark matter (there is no doubt that it does) it must be a particle that also darkens this dark matter, and it must provide the darkness in the universe, and they named this particle the dark photon.  This particle should have been responsible for the darkness in the universe, and it was this dark photon that brought dark matter, most of the matter in the universe, into darkness.  In short, photons of light and of darkness in the universe, one responsible for the light in the universe, the other for darkness, and both swim in this sea of ​​space.  Many experiments are being done to see dark matter, but it has not been seen so far.  Some scientists predict that there is not one but multiple different particles that make dark matter dark (see Adam Mann).

 Now look at this verse:

 Isra 12: “But We made the night and the day two proofs;  Then We erased the evidence of the night and made the evidence of the day as a signifier that you may seek grace and grants from your Lord;  And you should know the number and account of the years.  Now we have explained everything in detail. "

 It is written in this verse that the night is an evidence and the day is an evidence.  Just as scientists explain that the particle of light is the photon, and it is the dark photon that makes dark matter dark.  According to what we understand from the verse, if the particle of light, namely the photon, comes, the particle of the dark is erased, that is, the photon leaves the area it has captured or loses its property.  When the photon of the light is taken, the dark photon returns to that area and darkens.  Or it did not go from that area, but its feature was erased and disappeared, when the photon of the light is taken, it continues to exhibit its properties and create darkness.

 In other words, darkness does not only mean the absence of light, it also consists of particles just like the light, and in this state, both of them exhibit the characteristics of floating matter in space.  The proof of this darkness mentioned in the verse must be a particle, just like the photon particle, which is the proof of light.  But we do not know yet whether this particle is the particle that buries the dark matter in the universe into darkness.  Since the dark photon is invisible and has very low energy levels, it is very difficult to detect, perhaps because it contains an energy that we can call negative energy, and it seems to be a lot of work for physicists.  The reality of the particle of darkness, whether it is a dark photon or another particle, will definitely be better understood in the future and the magnitude of the Qur'an will be better understood.

 

 Scientists are reporting that dark matter is everywhere.  It exists around our world and even around us.  But we cannot see it because it does not interact with the photons of the light.  Stephen Adler of the Princeton Advanced Research Institute calculated that there are 24 trillion tons of dark matter around the Earth and the Moon and published it in the Journal of Physics in October 2017.  So this means that dark photons, which are photons of dark matter, also float around the Earth and around us.  They exist especially at night when there is no light.  And as it is stated in the verse, when photons, which are the evidence of the day, arrive, the dark photons, which are the evidence of darkness, are erased.  Then, when the daytime disappears again, dark photons cover the dark side of the Earth again.  The more the photons of the light come, the brighter they make.

 In summary: We have witnessed four colossal facts in this article.  First, the Qur'an said that the Sun and the Moon were swimming, and we humanity have just come closer to understanding this fact, which may have seemed strange until 6 years ago.  The second is that the Qur'an says that daytime, that is, light, also floats, and indeed, scientists say that photons also float in this liquid.  Third, he describes the day as an entity, and yes, light is also a matter that occupies space with its own particles.  The fourth stated that darkness is an entity just like light, that means it has specific particles just like light.  Today, science also says that dark matter must have a particle that provides darkness, and it is very likely that the photon or another particle that buries dark matter into the dark is responsible for all the darkness in the universe.  Finally, it is obvious that this "liquid space" miracle of the Qur'an and the fact that everything is floating in that liquid is a truly mind-blowing fact.

 *******

 We showed the verses (proofs) clearly to a people who believed with certain knowledge.

 Surah Al-Baqarah Verse

 (2/118)

 ********

 La ilaha illallâhu al-Malikul-hakul-mubîn Muhammad's Messenger of Allah sadikul-vaadil-emîn

 There is no god but Allah, the owner of the true and true universe.  Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) reliable and faithful in his word is his messenger.

 

 RESOURCES AND ADVANCED READING

 Astrophysical Constraints on Planck Scale Dissipative Phenomena, Rev.  Lett.  112, 151301 - Published 14 April 2014. Stefano Liberati and Luca Maccione, DOI: 10.1103 / PhysRevLett.112.151301.  http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.151301

 https://phys.org/news/2014-04-liquid-spacetime-slippery-superfluid.html

 https://www.livescience.com/64511-helium-mimics-early-universe.html

 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/spacetime-might-superfluid-help-explain-gravity/

 http://betteridgeslaw.com/2014/05/are-we-living-underwater-researchers-believe-the-universe-might-be-a-liquid-superfluid/

 https://home.cern/news/news/physics/na64-casts-light-dark-photons

 https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1132279/Dark-matter-breakthrough-CERN-experiment-dark-photos-dark-matter-particles

 Adam mann https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0262407913621478

 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/does-dark-matter-encircle-earth/

 https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/03/24/ask-ethan-if-dark-matter-is-everywhere-why-havent-we-detected-it-in-our-solar-  system / # 1c9922e8352f

Ancient Greeks

Ancient Greeks:

 Sensitive and long time span astronomical observations made by Babylonians formed the basis of ancient Greek astronomy.  The ancient Greeks focused on their causes rather than astronomical events and formed the first models of the universe.  In these models, it was accepted that the stars were perfect bodies for the gods and that they made perfect movements.

 What the ancient Greeks called this perfect motion is the assumption of uniform circular motion.  Until Kepler's time, it remained an indispensable assumption of astronomical thought.

 According to Tales, the first natural philosopher we know of the ancient Greeks (640-546 BC) (Picture 8) The earth was a flat disk floating in water. Tales never commented on the movements of planets and stars.  Tales' contemporary Anaksimander (611- 547 BC) suggested that the Earth is a floating cylinder in space.  B.C.  In the 6th century, two independent schools were formed.  According to the school of Xenophanes (Senofanes) (570-500 BC), the earth was flat and of infinite dimension, the second Pythagorean (Pythagoras) school (580-500 BC) was mostly based on observations.

 Pythagoras, after long journeys on the Earth, believed it to be spherical.  Although they believed the earth was round, no one from this school advocated that he had returned.  According to this school, the number 10 was perfect as it was 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10.  At that time, 9 different celestial bodies (Earth, Moon, Sun, five planets and fixed stars) were observed.

 This number should have been 10 because of perfection and symmetry.  As the 10th object, they claimed that Earth had a match.  Again, according to this school, 10 different celestial bodies were making an orbital movement around an invisible fire center because they were covered by the Earth's partner.  According to this view, Earth was considered for the first time as an orbital planet.

 B.C.  Anaxagoras (Anaxagoras), who thought that the ferrous meteorite that fell in Greece in 467 came from the Sun (M.O. 500-428) thought that the Sun was close and small as a part of Greece, and its substance was molten iron;  According to Anaxagoros, the place was flat;  The Moon was about the size of the Sun and the Moon reflected the sunlight.  Anaxagoras was wanted to be punished with these views and was saved from death by Pericles and sent into exile.

 An important school of the later period is named after Plato (Plato) (427- 347 BC).  Plato himself was influenced by the Pythagorean school and developed the views of that school.  He believed in the existence of a geometric order in the universe and the relative distances he believed for seven celestial bodies (Moon- 1, Sun- 2, Venus- 3, Mercury- 4, Mars- 8, Jupiter- 9, Saturn- 27);  He has shown it with two geometric series, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 1, 3, 9, 27.

 Plato also believed in and developed the concept of invisible musical crystal spheres carrying celestial bodies that the Pythagorean school believed.  Plato believed that the daily visible movements of the celestial bodies were caused by the rotation of the Earth.

 The common view of the Plato (Plato) school predicted that the Earth was different from all other celestial bodies and that it should be at the center of the universe.  We see that Eudoxus (Eudoksus) (408- 355 BC) proposed the geocentric universe model for the first time in ancient Greece.  According to Eudoxus, the Moon, Sun and 5 known planets orbit around the fixed Earth in concentric circles, and it is Eudoxus who introduced the concept of the secondary sphere (epicycle) into the planets theory.

 When Eudoxus saw that the model he developed did not fully provide the observations, he thought that there could be other smaller and invisible spheres on the invisible spheres that Philolaos (Filolaus) assumed.  According to him, the planets were located on these secondary spheres.  The total number of spheres invisible in Eudoxus' model of the universe is 27.

 In this geocentric model, which was later supported and developed by Galluppus, Aristotle, Hipparchus (Hipparchus) and Ptolemy (known as Ptolemy in the Arab world), the complex visible motions of the planets could easily be explained, but as the sensitivity of the observations increased, it was necessary to increase the number of secondary spheres to explain the deviations from the model.

 Aristotle showed that the Earth is a very large sphere with two important proofs.  During a lunar eclipse, the shadow boundary of the Earth on the Moon is a wide arc and new stars are visible as one goes south over the Earth.  Aristotle suggested that polar radiation, flowing stars and comets are events in the upper atmosphere of the Earth.

 Heraclitus, who lived in Aristotle's period (388-315 BC) claimed that the spherical Earth rotates around an axis and that the universe is infinite Mercury and Venus revolve around the Sun.  It continued until the renaissance period.  The 5 known planets (Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn), Moon and Sun made up the magic number 7 in Aristotelian times.

 The earth was not considered a planet at that time and was given a great privilege in all respects.  Around the earth, 7 invisible crystal balls of 7 celestial bodies divide the universe into 7 layers.  Hence the concept of "7 layers of heaven" which is frequently mentioned in the holy books of monotheistic religions.  7 days a week is also from the same source.  Even the source of the musical notes is related to the 7-storey universe model.

 According to the belief at that time, 7 large invisible spheres carrying 7 celestial bodies should have been made of crystal and the sound they made while they were spinning could be heard by those who were free from their sins.  In ancient Greece, with the imitation of the sounds that such people hear, seven basic musical notes as the sounds of seven crystal spheres and flats and sharps with the sounds of secondary spheres emerged.

 About a century after Aristotle, Aristarchus of Samos (312-230 BC) proposed a heliocentric model for the first time.  Aristarchus may have advocated the heliocentric model by placing the Sun at the center of the universe because of its size.

 At the time of Hipparchus (190-125 BC) (Figure 9), planetary luminosity was known to vary throughout the year.  Hipparchus, thinking that the planet-Earth distance should vary throughout the year, argued that the Earth should not be at the center of the invisible spheres in the Earth-centered model.

 By comparing the star positions in his star catalog with the previously recorded positions of the same stars, Hipparchus noticed a continuous but very slow change in positions.  Hipparchus' main contribution to astronomy was that he developed the measuring system of stellar luminosity used today.

 Later, Ptolemy (M.S.100-170) (Figure 10) adopted the Earth-centered universe model, taking Hipparchus as an example in the subject of the universe model.  He determined the conjunction periods of the planets and calculated their distances to the Earth in geometrical ways.  Ptolemy's most important contribution to astronomy is his 13-volume astronomy book.

 Ptolemy collected all the astronomy knowledge of his time in this book, which is called Almagest in the Arab world.  Including Hipparchus' star catalog, this book has been used as a basic astronomy book for centuries.  Hipparchus' star catalog is important in terms of giving the brightness and coordinates of the stars visible at that time.  By comparing the current coordinates of the same stars with the values ​​in the Hipparchus catalog, the core motions of those stars and, if any, very long-term changes in luminosity can be found.

 With the rapid spread of Christianity within a few centuries after Christ and the collapse of the Roman Empire, the importance given to science in Europe almost disappeared, and Europe entered a dark period with the establishment of Aristotle's thought in the church.

HUNOR AND MAGOR / GOG MAGOG / YECUC MECUC.

HUNOR AND MAGOR / GOG MAGOG / YECUC MECUC.

 Hunor and Magor;  Mythical hakan in Ural / Altaic and Hungarian mythologies.  They are two brothers.  They are considered to be the ancestors of the Huns and Hungarians.  Hunor represents Hun arm and Magor represents Hungarian arm.  The two names given to Hungarians in Europe today (Magyar and Hungar) also originate from here.  According to some views, it actually dates back to much earlier and was formed by the development of Scythian (Saka) legends.  Hunor, together with his brother Magor, crosses the sea in pursuit of a blessed deer and reaches the territory of Hungary.  It is said that Attila Han descended from Hunor.  Magor is descended from Almos.  In some other Central Asian legends, they are two brothers who were the founders of the Saka.

 Hunor and Magor are mentioned in Hungarian epics.  Based on this, the Mongians are thought to be the ancestors of the Hungarians, a Turkish tribe, but in this case, the first homeland of the Hungarians is also thought to be Southern Anatolia.  In addition, it is thought that the Mongolian name comes from Magor.

 Similarity of Gok and Magok (Gog and Magog)

 Although the expression Gok-Magok is mentioned in the Torah and the Bible, Jews, Christians and Arabs exclude Turks from these two terms.  It is said in the comments that "people living in Caucasia mean Scythians".  However, it is thought that these two brothers are not Gog and Magog mentioned in religious books.

 On the other hand, Cimmerians and Saka, who were Turks, followed the Caucasus-Euphrates road and settled in the Middle East in the 8th century BC.  According to the Assyrian sources, when the Saka came to the Caucasus by expelling the Cimmerians, Saka Khan Gok had two sons, Parat and Marat, and when they attacked the Assyrian country in 662 BC, they were defeated and captured.  Parat's son Madiva is described as taking over all Anatolia, Syria and Palestine.

 M.S.  In the Syriac Alexander novel written in 628, the name Magok, which is mentioned next to the name Gok, is also mentioned with the names of the chiefs of the Turkish tribes.  (Magok is named after the grandson of Noah, the ancestor of the Turks).  The Bishop of Urfa, Âfram, wrote in the work we mentioned: "They are Gok and Magok horsemen. They fly like a storm over their steeds. There is no one who can stand against them."

 It is thought that the Gogars, the Mogars, descendants of Gok, are the descendants of Magor.  Mong country is around Van and Hakkari.  Both are Saka sizes.  According to the conclusion, the Turks came to Anatolia with the Battle of Malazgirt and the Saka long before that, not during the Seljuk period.

 Myth Turkish Dictionary, sea Karakurt, Turkey, 2011 (OTRS: CC BY-SA 3.0) on December 27, 2019 the Wayback Machine archived on the site.

 Yavuz, Edip;  Turkish Tribes Throughout History, p. 169

 Times World History p.  55

 Öztuna, Yılmaz;  States and Dynasties, Ministry of Culture, Ankara, 1990

Letter of the Egyptian Queen's Proposal to the Hittite king !

Letter of the Egyptian Queen's Proposal to the Hittite king !

 Many things we wonder are hidden in the hidden depths of history.  Many events that shaped the course of history have been hidden in the darkness of the past.

 We wonder about the mysterious aspects of history that we have not yet fully clarified, even though some of them have come to light.  History sometimes opens its doors to us, and sometimes it can keep us waiting in a sense of wonder for years.

 

 Thanks to cuneiform tablets, we can learn some of the secret-filled murders caused by passions, revenge and throne fights.  Here is one of these secrets BC.  II.  It is a letter secretly written by the Egyptian Queen to the Hittite King Suppiluliuma in the millennium BC.

 Who was the owner of this letter, which has been the subject of many studies until now and different theses were put forward about them?  Why did he write this letter?  Why was Suppilulium I surprised who read the letter?

  IV.  What was written in the letter, which was said to have caused the Hittite state's friendship relations with Egypt, which continued until the death of Amenofis, to deteriorate?  Was this woman's ambitions caused the Battle of Kadesh?

 Perhaps no one even thought at that time that a text found among thousands of terracotta tablets in Boğazköy in Anatolia would change the course of history and would be among the most famous letters of the Hittite Age.

 We owe the information about this correspondence between the king and the queen of the two most powerful countries of the period to Mursili II, the son of the Hittite King Suppiluliuma I and his successor.  Murşili;  While telling at length about his works, he mentions his father's works and also mentions these letters.

  According to Mursili, his father, Suppiluliuma I (1380-1345 BC) ascended the bloody throne after shedding blood again due to throne fights and killing many people, especially his brother prince Young Tuthaliya.

 First Shuppiluliuma, who came to power in a period when most of the Hatti lands were lost to enemies and the political situation was not good, firstly dealt with the turmoil in Anatolia.  As an experienced and skilled commander, he knows how to deal with enemy countries and establishes the Great Hittite Empire.  Following an expansionist policy, I. Suppiluliuma, King of Egypt IV.  He sees Amenophis as an opportunity to engage in turning Egypt's polytheistic religion into a single god, and then the internal turmoil that occurred after the death of his son Tutenkamon, who was replaced by Kizzuwatna, this time after securing himself by making an agreement with Kizzuwatna.  he begins to put pressure on him.  On the one hand, two generals named Lupakki and Tarhuntazalma attacked and plundered the country of Amka, the territory of Egypt's influence, while I Suppiluliuma planned a move to take revenge on Egypt, which attacked Kadesh, and Kargamis came before them.

 At the same time that Egypt came to the point of entering the Hittites' sphere of influence, a letter from the Egyptian Queen came to Suppiluliuma.  In the letter that will reshape history, the Queen says:

 “My husband is dead.  I have no son.  They say you have (one) many sons.  If you give me a son, he could be my husband.  I never want to take one of my servants and make him my husband.  I'm very afraid of that. "

 Reading the letter, the Great Hittite King was surprised at what he would do in the face of this unprecedented request of the widowed queen of the proud dynasty of the closed Egyptian palace, doubted the accuracy of the news, gathered the elders of Hatti for consultation and explained the situation.  To see if he was deceived because he could not trust this unusual offer, “Go and bring me the true promise.  Maybe they want to deceive me. ”He sends Hattusha-ziti, the head of the great chamberman, to Egypt.  He brings silver, gold, and bronze items as spoils of war, as well as a large number of prisoners.  The number of prisoners he brought to the palace was 3.330, and the number of those the Hittites brought to their country is not known.

 Meanwhile, Hattusa-ziti, sent to the Egyptian Palace, returns in the spring of the following year with the second letter from the Queen.  This time, the Queen sent the Egyptian commander Hani to persuade the Hittite King Shuppilu-liuma.  The sad and resentful queen appeals to the Hittite Great King once again and writes the following lines, which gives the impression that she is very sincere:

 "Why did you say that:" they are cheating on me. "If I had a son, would I write about the downsizing of myself and my country to another country?  You didn't believe me and wrote me like this.  The person who was my husband died.  I have no son either.  I will never take my servant and make him my husband.  I did not write to any other country, I only wrote to you.  They say you have many sons.  Give me a son.  Let he be husband to me and king to Egypt. "

 This woman, who made history with her surprising words by proposing to a man, is the third daughter of Egypt's "Heretic" King Akhnaton (Amenophy IV) and Nefertiti, and also Ankhesenamon, the wife of Tutankhamon, who was king at a young age and died at the age of eighteen.  was.

 Although Mursili says, "My father was kind hearted, he listened to the woman's word and chose the son to send," as well as being a good commander, Suppiluliuma I, a successful statesman, was not willing to engage in direct conflict with Egypt and the Hittites  With the idea that Hatti and Egypt will always remain friends, he accepts this offer and chooses Zannanza as the groom candidate among his sons.  Unfortunately, the fact that I. Suppiluliuma did not act immediately upon the first letter received from the queen and waited for a long time gave time to the people who had the passion to take the throne in Egypt, and one of the courtiers who took the throne took action to realize his own plan.

 The news reached Hatti that Zannanza, who was sent to Egypt with a small military unit, was killed by the enemies of the queen in the Sinai Desert before reaching the Nile Valley and meeting with the widowed Queen Ankhesenamon.

 Although it is not understood when and how the death of the Hittite Prince Zannanza took place until now, all doubts center on Tutankhamon's successor, the chief vizier Ay.  Because, after the death of Akhenaten, Tuth-ankh-Aten (Tutankhamon), who was the only boy left to the throne at the age of ten, started the war for office among the officials in the palace, Ay (Eje) accepted his superiority among the priests.  He became the head vizier.  Later, with the suspicious death of Tutankhamon, the royal and army management passed into the hands of the Moon.

 In his letter to I.Suppiluliuma that the Moon had pressured Ankhesenamon to marry, possibly to take the throne, but that Ankhesenamon did not want to marry this man who was formerly Akhnaton's horse-keeper, I would never want to take one of my servants and make him my husband.  .  I'm very afraid of that. "  we understand from his words.  The Queen would have felt herself in great danger that by writing these lines she took refuge in I. Suppiluliuma and asked her for help.

 However, Ay, who heard about this letter sent secretly, sent the Egyptian General Horemheb on the Hittite union to execute the said Zannanza murder, thus paving the way to seize the throne. Later, Ay reached this goal and married Ankhesenamon at the age of 66.  We see that he seized his pharaoh.  The ring found by Newberry, with both their names in a cartridge, leads us to this conclusion, and at the same time suggests that Tutankhamon was killed by the Moon.

 Meanwhile, the news of the death of his son, I. Suppiluliuma wrote to Egypt with great pain that "you killed my son", and in his last years, his son II.  It is also told in the second plague prayer of Mursili that he told Arnuvanda to take revenge from the Egyptians and that Suppiluliuma attacked and punished Egypt for this incident.

 It is believed that a broken letter found in Boğazköy belongs to I. Suppiluliuma and confirms this.  In this letter, which was acknowledged by I.Suppiluliuma to be sent to Tutankhamen's successor Ay, the letter of the new Pharaoh to Hattausha is mentioned.  In the letter of the new Pharaoh, he states that the Hittite Prince was treated well in Egypt but died as a result of a natural death, but he writes that Suppiluliuma did not believe this and that his son was killed and declares war to punish Egypt.  However, it is said that this war was waged against dependent states of Egypt in Syria or Phoenician.

 Suppiluliuma I, who followed an expansionist policy after taking the throne, could not face his great adversary, who could be dangerous for him before, and even sent him gifts to celebrate the ascent of Pharaoh Amenophy IV.  The relations of I. Suppiluliuma with Egypt went well until the above-mentioned two generals plundered the country of Amka.  However, with the appearance of the Hittites in Amka, the small kingdoms in Syria were caught between Egypt and the Hittite forces and tried to follow a two-sided policy.  With his rational policy, I. Suppiluliuma managed to take them under his command and his domain now reached the Egyptian border.  Upon the letter that came at this time, I. Suppiluliuma thought of the cunning of seizing Egypt by means of this confluence without entering into a direct conflict with Egypt.  However, the long wait of I. Suppiluliuma to act prevented this historical event from happening.  If I Suppiluliuma had not acted too cautiously, the Pharaoh lineage would have passed to the Hittites and, as the ruler of Asia Minor, they would have written history in a different way, not being limited to their homeland Anatolia.

 Thus, I. Suppiluliuma seized Syria by taking the throne fights in Egypt as an opportunity.  For this reason, the tension between the Egyptians and the Hittites continued for a long time. This hostility was officially resolved through a peace agreement between Hattushili III and Ramses II. This peace was made by the Hittite Queen Puduhepa and the Egyptian Queen Naptera.  They corresponded for the continuation of the brotherhood.  As seen throughout history, men's ambitions for power and power have caused bloody wars and murders for years, while women have fought for peace.

 Just as the kidnapping of the beautiful Helena was shown by causing the Trojan War in Homer's Ilias, it was put forward that Ankhesenamon was caused by the Battle of Kadesh, and a woman was sought behind every evil.  However, Ankhesenamon tried to get rid of a desperate murderer with his ambition for the throne.  The poor woman disappears shortly after the marriage.  It is believed that Ankhesenamon was also killed by the Moon.

 This marriage, which took place 3300 years ago and still has a veil of mystery and could be important enough to change the course of history, unfortunately could not be realized due to the prudence of the Hittite king.

 Although a conclusion has been made on the correspondence in question in the light of what has been achieved through archaeological findings so far, the developments that will take place in the following years will perhaps lead us back to the past and lead to new arguments, and perhaps will completely eliminate the question marks in our minds by reaching a definitive conclusion.

 The other name of Amenofis IV is Akhnaton.  He founded the new capital in central Egypt: Akhet-Aton (Tel-el-Amarna);  The meaning of this name meant "the horizon of the sun".  He also started using the name Akhnaton.  His main purpose was to establish the religion of Aton in this city and to prophesy it.

 Binnur Çelebi, Proposal of the Egyptian Queen to the Hittite King ”, İdol Magazine, Issue 28, Ankara, 2006, p.  39-43.

ROME'S FIRST EMPIRE: AUGUSTUS

ROME'S FIRST EMPIRE: AUGUSTUS

 Octavian (Augustus), who initiated the imperial process of the Roman State and was accepted as the first emperor of Rome, BC.  He was born on September 23, 63, in an area where wealthy families of the city of Rome lived.  His father was Gaius Octavius, a statesman and member of the Horsemen class, considered as the elite class of Rome, and his mother Atia, the daughter of Julia, the sister of Gaius Caesar.  Octavian passed away at the age of four.  Octavian, who had the chance to know Gaius Caesar soon, grew up under Caesar's influence and protection.  His relationship with Caesar constitutes one of the turning points in his life.  The adoption of Octavian by Caesar, one of the most important politicians and commanders of Rome, who helped capture Gaul, enabled him to be recognized in Roman politics from a young age.

 Octavian, Caesar's legal heir, takes action to avenge the murder of Caesar in 44 BC.  B.C.  In the Battle of Philippi that took place in 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius, known as Caesar's murderers, were defeated and the head of Brutus, known as the most important responsible of the assassination, was thrown at the bottom of Caesar's statue in Rome.  Thus, the revenge of Caesar, whom his father knew, was taken and the majority of the opponents were silenced.  Meanwhile, Octavian, who also bears the title of Caesar, was recognized as a god by the Senate, creating a superiority for his legitimacy and made him the son of the god.

 The primary goal of Octavian, who became consul in 311 BC, was the destruction of Antonius, the enemy of Rome, from now on.  Antonius' attempt to establish an Eastern Empire by marrying Cleopatra caused him to fall out with Rome.  When the Roman Senate declares war on Cleopatra and Octavian, both sides begin their preparations for war.  Antonius also relied on the support of the Egyptian navy.  The Battle of Actium, which took place in western Greece on the Adriatic coast, will be recorded as one of the bloodiest wars in history;  Octavian became the sole leader of Rome after the Battle of Actium, where brother fought with brother and Roman killed Romans.  Seeing that Cleopatra and the Egyptian navy have left the battlefield, Antonius finds the solution in escaping to Alexander (Alexandria).  Octavian follows Antony and Cleopatra to Egypt and besieges Alexandreia (Alexandria).  When Cleopatra's efforts to deal with Octavian also fail, clashes arise again.  As a result of this conflict, Antonius is killed according to one view and, according to one opinion, he commits suicide.  Cleopatra also commits suicide (30 BC).  Likewise, Cleopatra's son from Caesar and Antony's son were also killed.  When Octavian returned to Rome in 29 BC with a great ceremony, he is now the true and only leader of the Mediterranean world.

 To Octavian who returned from Egypt with a great victory, BC.  In 27, the Senate granted the title of "Imperator" and "Augustus" (holy), the commander-in-chief, which means leader of all military power.  The title "Augustus" was so identified with him that cadeta became his name and was used as a title by later Roman emperors.

 The reputation of Augustus has increased so much that the sixth month of the Roman calendar, Sextilis, is renamed Augustus (August).  With Augustus being accepted and honored as the greatest and only leader of Rome, the door of his house was decorated with "Corona civica" made from two laurel branches and oak leaves, and "Clipeus Virtutis", a golden shield, was dedicated to Curia.  On this shield, four important virtues of the emperor;  The words Virtus (Courage), Clementia (Mercy), Iustitia (Justice) and Pietas (Piety) are engraved.  He is Pontifex Maximus (leader of the state religion) BC.  In 12 BC the title Pater Patriae (Father of the Fatherland) was given in 2 BC.

 With Augustus in Roman history, the "Principatus" period started, and this period continued until Diocletian, when the new form of administration called the Dominatus came into play.  Some events that are very important in Roman history also took place during the Augustus period: In 24 BC, when Arabia was annexed to Rome, BC.  In 14, the Bosporos Kingdom turns into a kingdom connected to Rome.  In the famous Battle of Teutoburg, where three legions of the Roman army were ambushed and completely destroyed by the Teutons, again during the Augustus period, BC.  On the 9th, it happened.  According to the historian Suetonius, Emperor Augustus, who received the news of this painful loss, stamped his head against the wall, "Quintili Vare, legiones denial!" Meaning "Quintulius Varus, give me back my legions!"  he shouted.

 The Augustus period is important not only for the political and military strengthening of the empire, but also for the development of poetry and art.  As a matter of fact, Horatius and Vergilius, considered to be among the most important poets of Roman history, are among the famous literati of this period.  The order established by Augustus theoretically ended with his death.  Although the rebuilding of the republic was possible after his death, few thought of it.  Augustus himself attempted to identify an heir during his lifetime.  In this context, the person the Emperor used most to determine heir was his daughter.  Augustus, who does not have a son, has married her three times so that her daughter Julia has a son.  Although boys were born from these marriages, these heirs either did not live long or were killed by Augustus on the grounds that they were inadequate.  Ultimately, Augustus had to designate his stepson Tiberius from his wife Livia's previous marriage as heir.

 In Anatolia, the famous altar, called "Ara Pacis Augustae" and built in memory of Augustus' military achievements, was built during his time with very important events such as the Roman Emperor Cult, Pax Romana.  We can include them in later posts.

 M.S.  Augustus, who left Rome with Tiberius in the summer of 14 and sailed for Beneventum, fell ill as they approached the island of Capri and died on August 19 at the age of 76 in Nola in Campania.  A magnificent funeral was held on the Campus Martius for Augustus, whose body was brought to Rome, and the ashes of the cremated body were placed in the great Mausoleum.